by No significant differences in the seroprevalence rates were found in all the groups with respect to gender ( 0.05). 3.2. the neutralizing titer when the interval between the two doses was 11 years. On the basis of these results, monitoring the serological status of the population 10C12 years after vaccination could be important both to limit the number of people who are potentially susceptible to measles, despite the high efficacy of MMR vaccine, and to recommend a booster vaccine for the seronegatives. family [1]. It is the causative agent of a highly contagious acute infectious disease, common of infancy, characterized by fever, skin rash, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis and a generalized immune suppression [1]. The computer virus is transmitted by large respiratory droplets, it spreads in the respiratory route and in regional lymph nodes, Nadifloxacin thus resulting in lymphatic and hematic dissemination with appearance of first clinical indicators after 9C19 days [2]. Recovery is followed by lifelong immunity to measles. In rare cases, severe measles-associated central nervous system (CNS) complications may develop [3]. MV contamination is also responsible for a transient immune suppression that may last longer than two years after contamination and it leads to opportunistic infections [4] and to life-threatening complications, such as pneumonia and/or gastrointestinal disease [5,6]. Nevertheless, this disease is usually associated with the induction of a strong and specific life-long immune response to the computer virus [7]. There Nadifloxacin is no specific antiviral treatment against measles, thus the prophylactic vaccine is considered the best strategy to prevent this computer virus contamination [8]. Furthermore, the monotypic nature of the computer virus and the lack of an animal reservoir make measles a considerable candidate for eradication [9]. In Italy, a single-antigen measles vaccine became commercially available in 1976 and its administration has been recommended by the Ministry of Health since 1979, with one dose for children aged 15 months. In the early 1990s, the trivalent measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine made up of a live attenuated Edmonston B strain was recommended for administration at 12 months of age. Since 2003, the national vaccination schedule has recommended two doses of MMR vaccine in all Nadifloxacin Italian regions: The first at 12C15 months and the second at six years or older, only for those who had already received one dose and were older than six years at that date [10,11]. Subsequently, due to the lower Nadifloxacin MMR vaccination coverage ( 90%) in Italy, especially among infants and adolescents [12], and the occurrence of a large measles outbreak in January 2017, a new legislation was exceeded and adopted in July 2017. This legislation extended the number of mandatory vaccines from four to ten, including MMR, administered at 13C15 months and six years [13]. Since then, the attenuated varicella strain has been included in the formulation of the vaccine. This can be administered at the same session as trivalent anti-measles-mumps-rubella plus the monovalent anti-varicella vaccine or as quadrivalent MMRV combined vaccine [14]. In spite of this, according to the latest update on measles circulation by ECDC, 29 EU/EEA Member Says reported 13,331 cases of measles, from October 2018 to September 2019, 10,541 (79%) of which were laboratory-confirmed. No countries reported zero cases during the 12-month period. The highest number of cases were reported by France (2699), Italy (1845), Poland (1811), and Romania (1485), accounting for 20%, 14%, 12%, and 11% of all cases, respectively [15]. Measles outbreaks mostly occurred in unvaccinated individuals, thus a high vaccination coverage is the most important goal to prevent the disease. Epidemiologic studies have shown that the level of functional neutralizing antibodies at the time of exposure to the GDF7 wild-type (WT) computer virus during a measles outbreak is a good correlate of protection from contamination, with higher titers needed to prevent contamination rather than to prevent the disease [16]. According to literature, levels of anti-measles antibodies tend to decline over the life course, as exhibited by measuring the level of measles neutralizing antibodies in the subjects sera at different times after vaccination [17,18,19,20]. Nadifloxacin Moreover, this phenomenon appears to occur faster following vaccination rather than after naturally acquired contamination [21,22]. Thus, it is important to better understand vaccine-induced antibody.
